Anomalous HZZ4 decay and its interference effects on gluon–gluon contribution at the LHC

  • We calculate the spinor helicity amplitudes of anomalous HZZ4 decay. After embedding these analytic formulas into the MCFM package, we study the interference effects between the anomalous ggHZZ4 process and the SM processes, which are indispensable in the Higgs off-shell region. Subsequently, the constraints on the anomalous couplings are estimated using LHC experimental data.
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  • [1] S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B, 716: 30-61 (2012), arXiv:1207.7235[hep-ex
    [2] G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B, 716: 1-29 (2012), arXiv:1207.7214[hep-ex
    [3] A. M. Sirunyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Submitted to: Eur. Phys. J, (2018), arXiv: 1809.10733[hep-ex]
    [4] CMS Collaboration, J. Tao, in 21st High-Energy Physics International Conference in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD 18) Montpellier, France, July 2-6, 2018, arXiv: 1810.00256[hep-ex]
    [5] ATLAS, CMS Collaboration, A.-M. Magnan, PoS, ALPS2018: 013 (2018
    [6] Y. Gao, A. V. Gritsan, Z. Guo et al., Phys. Rev. D, 81: 075022 (2010), arXiv:1001.3396[hep-ph
    [7] S. Bolognesi, Y. Gao, A. V. Gritsan et al., Phys. Rev. D, 86: 095031 (2012), arXiv:1208.4018[hep-ph
    [8] I. Anderson et al., Phys. Rev. D, 89(3): 035007 (2014), arXiv:1309.4819[hep-ph
    [9] Y. Chen, N. Tran, and R. Vega-Morales, JHEP, 01: 182 (2013), arXiv:1211.1959[hep-ph
    [10] Y. Chen and R. Vega-Morales, JHEP, 04: 057 (2014), arXiv:1310.2893[hep-ph
    [11] Y. Chen, E. Di Marco, J. Lykken et al., JHEP, 01: 125 (2015), arXiv:1401.2077[hep-ex
    [12] Y. Chen, E. Di Marco, J. Lykken et al., arXiv: 1410.4817[hep-ph]
    [13] C. A. Nelson, Phys. Rev. D, 37: 1220 (1988
    [14] A. Soni and R. M. Xu, Phys. Rev. D, 48: 5259-5263 (1993), arXiv:hep-ph/9301225[hep-ph
    [15] D. Chang, W.-Y. Keung, and I. Phillips, Phys. Rev. D, 48: 3225-3234 (1993), arXiv:hep-ph/9303226[hep-ph
    [16] T. Arens and L. M. Sehgal, Z. Phys. C, 66: 89-94 (1995), arXiv:hep-ph/9409396[hep-ph
    [17] S. Y. Choi, D. J. Miller, M. M. Muhlleitner et al., Phys. Lett. B, 553: 61-71 (2003), arXiv:hep-ph/0210077[hep-ph
    [18] C. P. Buszello, I. Fleck, P. Marquard et al., Eur. Phys. J. C, 32: 209-219 (2004), arXiv:hep-ph/0212396[hep-ph
    [19] R. M. Godbole, D. J. Miller, and M. M. Muhlleitner, JHEP, 12: 031 (2007), arXiv:0708.0458[hep-ph
    [20] V. A. Kovalchuk, J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 107: 774-786 (2008 doi: 10.1134/S1063776108110071
    [21] Q.-H. Cao, C. B. Jackson, W.-Y. Keung et al., Phys. Rev. D, 81: 015010 (2010), arXiv:0911.3398[hep-ph
    [22] A. De Rujula, J. Lykken, M. Pierini et al., Phys. Rev. D, 82: 013003 (2010), arXiv:1001.5300[hep-ph
    [23] J. S. Gainer, K. Kumar, I. Low et al., JHEP, 11: 027 (2011), arXiv:1108.2274[hep-ph
    [24] B. Coleppa, K. Kumar, and H. E. Logan, Phys. Rev. D, 86: 075022 (2012), arXiv:1208.2692[hep-ph
    [25] D. Stolarski and R. Vega-Morales, Phys. Rev. D, 86: 117504 (2012), arXiv:1208.4840[hep-ph
    [26] R. Boughezal, T. J. LeCompte, and F. Petriello, arXiv: 1208.4311[hep-ph]
    [27] P. Avery et al., Phys. Rev. D, 87(5): 055006 (2013), arXiv:1210.0896[hep-ph
    [28] J. M. Campbell, W. T. Giele, and C. Williams, in Proceedings, 47th Rencontres de Moriond on QCD and High Energy Interactions: La Thuile, France, March 10-17, 2012, pp. 319-322. 2012, arXiv: 1205.3434[hep-ph] http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/ 2012/conf/fermilab-conf-12-176-t.pdf.
    [29] J. M. Campbell, W. T. Giele, and C. Williams, JHEP, 11: 043 (2012), arXiv:1204.4424[hep-ph
    [30] A. Menon, T. Modak, D. Sahoo et al., Phys. Rev. D, 89(9): 095021 (2014), arXiv:1301.5404[hep-ph
    [31] Y. Sun, X.-F. Wang, and D.-N. Gao, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 29: 1450086 (2014), arXiv:1309.4171[hep-ph
    [32] J. S. Gainer, J. Lykken, K. T. Matchev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 111: 041801 (2013), arXiv:1304.4936[hep-ph doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.041801
    [33] G. Buchalla, O. Cata, and G. D’Ambrosio, Eur. Phys. J. C, 74(3): 2798 (2014), arXiv:1310.2574[hep-ph
    [34] M. Chen, T. Cheng, J. S. Gainer et al., Phys. Rev. D, 89(3): 034002 (2014), arXiv:1310.1397[hep-ph
    [35] N. Kauer and G. Passarino, JHEP, 08: 116 (2012), arXiv:1206.4803[hep-ph
    [36] M. Beneke, D. Boito, and Y.-M. Wang, JHEP, 11: 028 (2014), arXiv:1406.1361[hep-ph
    [37] A. Falkowski and R. Vega-Morales, JHEP, 12: 037 (2014), arXiv:1405.1095[hep-ph
    [38] T. Modak, D. Sahoo, R. Sinha et al., Chin. Phys. C, 40(3): 033002 (2016), arXiv:1408.5665[hep-ph
    [39] M. Gonzalez-Alonso and G. Isidori, Phys. Lett. B, 733: 359-365 (2014), arXiv:1403.2648[hep-ph
    [40] N. Belyaev, R. Konoplich, L. E. Pedersen et al., Phys. Rev. D, 91(11): 115014 (2015), arXiv:1502.03045[hep-ph
    [41] J. S. Gainer et al., JHEP, 10: 073 (2018), arXiv:1808.00965[hep-ph
    [42] S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett., 110(8): 081803 (2013), arXiv:1212.6639[hep-ex doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.081803
    [43] V. Khachatryan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D, 92(1): 012004 (2015), arXiv:1411.3441[hep-ex
    [44] V. Khachatryan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B, 736: 64-85 (2014), arXiv:1405.3455[hep-ex
    [45] D. de Florian et al. (LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group Collaboration), arXiv: 1610.07922[hep-ph]
    [46] A. M. Sirunyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B, 775: 1-24 (2017), arXiv:1707.00541[hep-ex
    [47] A. M. Sirunyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D, 99(11): 112003 (2019), arXiv:1901.00174[hep-ex doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.99.112003
    [48] G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C, 75(7): 335 (2015), arXiv:1503.01060[hep-ex
    [49] M. Aaboud et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B, 784: 345-366 (2018), arXiv:1806.00242[hep-ex
    [50] M. Aaboud et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B, 786: 223-244 (2018), arXiv:1808.01191[hep-ex
    [51] J. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis, and C. Williams, JHEP, 04: 060 (2014), arXiv:1311.3589[hep-ph
    [52] J. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis, and C. Williams, JHEP, 10: 005 (2011), arXiv:1107.5569[hep-ph
    [53] J. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis, and C. Williams, PoS, LL2014: 008 (2014), arXiv:1408.1723[hep-ph
    [54] W. Buchmuller and D. Wyler, Nucl. Phys. B, 268: 621-653 (1986
    [55] B. Grzadkowski, M. Iskrzynski, M. Misiak et al., JHEP, 10: 085 (2010), arXiv:1008.4884[hep-ph
    [56] T. Barklow, K. Fujii, S. Jung et al., Phys. Rev. D, 97(5): 053004 (2018), arXiv:1708.09079[hep-ph doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.97.053004
    [57] J. Cohen, S. Bar-Shalom, and G. Eilam, Phys. Rev. D, 94(3): 035030 (2016), arXiv:1602.01698[hep-ph doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.94.035030
    [58] L. J. Dixon, in QCD and beyond. Proceedings, Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics, TASI-95, Boulder, USA, June 4-30, 1995, pp. 539-584. 1996. arXiv: hep-ph/9601359[hep-ph] http://www-public.slac.stanford.edu/ sciDoc/ docMeta.aspx?slacPubNumber=SLAC-PUB-7106.
    [59] G. Passarino and M. J. G. Veltman, Nucl. Phys. B, 160: 151-207 (1979
    [60] X. Chen, G. Li, and X. Wan, Phys. Rev. D, 96(5): 055023 (2017), arXiv:1705.01254[hep-ph
    [61] T. Binoth, N. Kauer, and P. Mertsch, in Proceedings, 16th International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects (DIS 2008): London, UK, April 7-11, 2008, p. 142. 2008. arXiv: 0807.0024[hep-ph]
    [62] J. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis, and W. T. Giele, Eur. Phys. J. C, 75(6): 246 (2015), arXiv:1503.06182[physics.comp-ph
    [63] R. Boughezal, J. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis et al., Eur. Phys. J. C, 77(1): 7 (2017), arXiv:1605.08011[hep-ph
    [64] A. D. Martin, W. J. Stirling, R. S. Thorne et al., Eur. Phys. J. C, 63: 189-285 (2009), arXiv:0901.0002[hep-ph
    [65] CMS Collaboration Collaboration, C. Collaboration, Tech. Rep. CMS-PAS-HIG-13-002, CERN, Geneva, 2013. http://cds.cern.ch/record/1523767.
    [66] F. Caola, K. Melnikov, R. Rontsch et al., Phys. Rev. D, 92(9): 094028 (2015), arXiv:1509.06734[hep-ph
    [67] K. Melnikov and M. Dowling, Phys. Lett. B, 744: 43-47 (2015), arXiv:1503.01274[hep-ph
    [68] J. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis, M. Czakon et al., JHEP, 08: 011 (2016), arXiv:1605.01380[hep-ph
    [69] F. Caola, M. Dowling, K. Melnikov et al., JHEP, 07: 087 (2016), arXiv:1605.04610[hep-ph
    [70] CMS Collaboration Collaboration, C. Collaboration, Tech. Rep. CMS-PAS-HIG-19-001, CERN, Geneva, 2019. http://cds.cern.ch/record/2668684.
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Hua-Rong He, Xia Wan and You-Kai Wang. The anomalous HZZ4 decay and its interference effects of gluon-gluon contribution at LHC[J]. Chinese Physics C. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abb4c8
Hua-Rong He, Xia Wan and You-Kai Wang. The anomalous HZZ4 decay and its interference effects of gluon-gluon contribution at LHC[J]. Chinese Physics C.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abb4c8 shu
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Anomalous HZZ4 decay and its interference effects on gluon–gluon contribution at the LHC

  • School of physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China

Abstract: We calculate the spinor helicity amplitudes of anomalous HZZ4 decay. After embedding these analytic formulas into the MCFM package, we study the interference effects between the anomalous ggHZZ4 process and the SM processes, which are indispensable in the Higgs off-shell region. Subsequently, the constraints on the anomalous couplings are estimated using LHC experimental data.

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    1.   Introduction
    • Since the 125 GeV/c2 Higgs boson was discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012 [1,2], its properties have been tested increasingly precisely [3-5]. Even though no new physics beyond Standard Model (SM) has been confirmed so far, it is still necessary and meaningful to search for new physics. In this paper we study the anomalous HZZ couplings.

      The new physics beyond the SM in the SM effective field theory (SMEFT) is shown as higher-dimensional operators in the Lagrangian, which later supply non-SM interactions. In this analysis we note these non-SM HVV (V represents Z,W,γ) interactions from six-dimensional operators as anomalous HVV couplings, and consider them separately from SM loop contributions. To scrutinize the Lorentz structures from several anomalous couplings, we calculate the scattering amplitudes in the spinor helicity method, and the analytic formulas are shown symmetrically and elegantly in the spinor notations.

      HVV couplings can be probed at the LHC through processes including VVH or HVV decays. Among these processes, the ggHZZ4 process, which is called the golden channel, is the most precise and has been studied extensively in both theoretical studies [6-41] and experiments at LHC [42-50]. Thus, we also choose this golden channel to study anomalous HVV couplings. To reach a more precise result, both on-shell and off-shell Higgs regions can be exploited. At the same time, the interference effects between this process and the SM processes should be included. Especially in the off-shell Higgs region, the interference between this process and the continuum process ggZZ4 should not be ignored [51,52]. Based on a modified MCFM [51,53] package with anomalous HZZ couplings, we study the interference effects quantitatively. Furthermore, we estimate the constraints on the anomalous coupling using CMS experimental data at LHC.

      The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the spinor helicity amplitudes with anomalous couplings are calculated. In Section 3, the analytic formulas are embedded into the MCFM8.0 package and the cross sections for proton–proton collision, especially the interference effects, are shown numerically. In Section 4, the constraints on the HZZ anomalous couplings are estimated. Section 5 is the discussion and conclusion.

    2.   Theoretical calculation
    • In this section, firstly we introduce the HZZ anomalous couplings, and then we calculate the spinor helicity amplitudes.

    • 2.1.   HZZ anomalous couplings

    • In the SM effective field theory [54,55] the complete form of higher-dimensional operators can be written as

      L=LSM+1ΛkC5kO5k+1Λ2kC6kO6k+O(1Λ3),

      (1)

      where Λ is the new physics energy scale, and Cik with i=5,6 are Wilson loop coefficients. As the dimension-five operators O5k have no contribution to anomalous HZZ couplings, the dimension-six operators O6k have leading contributions. The relative dimension-six operators in the Warsaw basis [55] are

      O6ΦD=(ΦDμΦ)(ΦDμΦ),O6ΦW=ΦΦWIμνWIμν,O6ΦB=ΦΦBμνBμν,O6ΦWB=ΦτIΦWIμνBμν,O6Φ˜W=ΦΦ˜WIμνWIμν,O6Φ˜B=ΦΦ˜BμνBμν,O6Φ˜WB=ΦτIΦ˜WIμνBμν,

      (2)

      where Φ is a doublet representation under the SU(2)L group and the aforementioned Higgs field H is one of its four components; Dμ=μigWIμTIigYBμ, where g and g are coupling constants, TI=τI/2 where τI are Pauli matrices, and Y is the U(1)Y generator; WIμν=μWIννWIμgϵIJKWJμWKν, Bμν=μBννBμ; ˜WIμν=12ϵμνρσWIρσ; and ˜Bμν=12ϵμνρσBρσ.

      For the H4 process that we are going to take to constrain the anomalous HZZ couplings numerically, there are dimension-six operators including the HZ contact interaction [56,57] that can also contribute non-SM effects, which are

      O6ΦL=(ΦDμΦ)(ˉLγμL),O6ΦLT=(ΦTIDμΦ)(ˉLγμTIL),O6Φe=(ΦDμΦ)(ˉeγμe),

      (3)

      where

      ΦDμΦ=ΦDμΦDμΦΦ,ΦTIDμΦ=ΦTIDμΦDμΦTIΦ,

      L,e represent left- and right-handed charged leptons. One may worry about the pollution caused by the HZ contact interaction from these operators to the 4 final state when probing HZZ couplings. Nevertheless, we can use certain additional methods to distinguish them. In the off-shell Higgs region, the on-shell Z boson selection cut can reduce much of the HZ background. In the on-shell Higgs region, the non-leptonic Z decay channel can also be adopted in constraining HZZ couplings. These discussions are not the focus of the current paper and we are not going to examine them in detail here.

      After spontaneous symmetry breaking, we get the anomalous HZZ interactions

      La=a1vM2ZHZμZμa2vHZμνZμνa3vHZμν˜Zμν,

      (4)

      with

      a1=v2Λ2C6ΦD,a2=v2Λ2(C6ΦWc2+C6ΦBs2+C6ΦWBcs),a3=v2Λ2(C6Φ˜Wc2+C6Φ˜Bs2+C6Φ˜WBcs),

      (5)

      where c and s stand for the cosine and sine of the weak mixing angle, respectively; a1,a2,a3 are dimensionless complex numbers; and v=246 GeV is the electroweak vacuum expectation value. Note that the signs before a2 and a3 are the same as in [6,43,47], but have an additional minus sign from the definition in [10]. Zμ is the Z boson field, Zμν=μZννZμ is the field strength tensor of the Z boson, and ˜Zμν=12ϵμνρσZρσ represents its dual field strength. The loop corrections in SM contribute similarly to the a2 and a3 terms. Quantitatively, the one-loop correction contributes to a2 term with small contributions O(102103), whereas the a3 term appears in the SM only at a three-loop level and thus has an even smaller contribution [43]. Therefore, only if the contributions from the a2 and a3 terms are larger than these loop contributions can we consider them as from new physics.

      The HZZ interaction vertex from Eq. (4) is

      Γμνa(k,k)=i2v3i=1aiΓμνa,i(k,k)=i2v[a1M2Zgμν2a2(kνkμkkgμν)2a3ϵμνρσkρkσ],

      (6)

      where k,k are the momenta of the two Z bosons. It is noteworthy that the HZZ vertices in the SM are

      ΓμνSM(k,k)=i2vM2Zgμν,

      (7)

      so the Lorentz structure of the a1 term is same as in the SM case. In contrast, the a2 and a3 terms have different Lorentz structures, which represent non-SM CP-even and CP-odd cases, respectively.

    • 2.2.   Helicity amplitude of the process ggHZZ2e2μ

    • The total helicity amplitude for the process ggHZZ2e2μ in Fig. 1 is composed of three individual amplitudes AHSM,AHCPeven, and AHCPodd, which have the same production process but different Higgs decay modes according to the three kinds of HZZ vertices in Eq. (6). The specific formulas are

      Figure 1.  Feynman diagram of the Higgs-mediated process ggHZZ2e2μ. The black dot represents an effective ggH coupling from loop contributions.

      AggHZZ2e2μ(1h1g,2h2g,3h3e,4h4e+,5h5μ,6h6μ+)

      (8)

      =[a1AHSM+a2AHCPeven+a3AHCPodd]×(1h1g,2h2g,3h3e,4h4e+,5h5μ,6h6μ+),

      (9)

      =AggH(1h1g,2h2g)×PH(s12)s12×3i=1aiAHZZ2e2μi(3h3e,4h4e+,5h5μ,6h6μ+),

      (10)

      where hi (i=16) are helicity indices of external particles, sij=(ki+kj)2, and PH(s)=ssM2H+iMHΓH is the Higgs propagator.

      The production part AggH(1h1g,2h2g) is the helicity amplitude of gluon–gluon fusion to the Higgs process, in which h1,h2 represent the helicities of gluons with outgoing momenta. For all the other helicity amplitudes in this paper, we also keep the convention that the momentum of each external particle is outgoing. When writing the helicity amplitudes, we adopt the conventions used in [51,58]:

      ij=ˉu(pi)u+(pj),[ij]=ˉu+(pi)u(pj),ij[ji]=2pipj,sij=(pi+pj)2,

      (11)

      and we have

      AggH(1+g,2+g)=2cgv[12]2,AggH(1g,2g)=2cgv122.

      (12)

      To keep the ggH coupling consistent with the SM, we use

      cgv=12fδab2i16π2g2s4em2f2MWsW1s12[2+s12(1τH)Cγγ0(m2f)],

      (13)

      with

      Cγγ0(m2)=2τHf(τH)/4m2,τH=4m2/M2H,

      (14)

      f(τ)={arcsin21/ττ114[log1+1τ11τiπ]2   τ<1,

      (15)

      where a,b=1,...,8 are SU(3)c adjoint representation indices for the gluons, the index f represents quark flavor, and Cγγ0(m2) is the Passarino–Veltman three-point scalar function [59,60].

      The decay part AHZZ2e2μ(3h3e,4h4e+,5h5μ,6h6μ+) is the helicity amplitude of the process HZZee+μμ+, which has three sources according to the three types of vertices as written in Eq. (6). Correspondingly, we write it as

      AHZZ2e2μ(3h3e,4h4e+,5h5μ,6h6μ+)=3i=1aiAHZZ2e2μi(3h3e,4h4e+,5h5μ,6h6μ+)

      (16)

      with

      AHZZ2e2μ1(3e,4+e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×l2eM2Wcos2θW35[46],

      (17)

      AHZZ2e2μ2(3e,4+e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×l2e×[2kk35[46]+(35[45]+36[46])(35[36]+45[46])],

      (18)

      AHZZ2e2μ3(3e,4+e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×l2e×(i)×[2(kk+46[46])35[46]+35[45](35[36]+45[46])+36[46](35[36]45[46])],

      (19)

      and

      f=2ie31MWsinθWPZ(s34)s34PZ(s56)s56,

      (20)

      where PZ(s)=ssM2Z+iMZΓZ is the Z boson propagator, MZ,MW are the masses of the Z,W bosons, θW is the Weinberg angle, and le and re (will appear for other helicity combinations) are the coupling factors of the Z boson to left-handed and right-handed leptons:

      le=1+2sin2θWsin(2θW),re=2sin2θWsin(2θW).

      (21)

      In Eqs. (17)–(19), we only show the case in which the helicities of the four leptons (h3,h4,h5,h6) are equal to (,+,,+). As for the other three non-zero helicity combinations (,+,+,), (+,,,+), (+,,+,), their helicity amplitudes are similar to Eqs. (17)–(19), but with some exchanges such as

      lere,46,35,[].

      (22)

      Their specific formulas are shown in Appendix A.

    • 2.3.   Helicity amplitude of the box process ggZZ2e2μ

    • The box process ggZZ2e2μ is a continuum background of the Higgs-mediated ggH2e2μ process. The interference between these two kinds of processes could have a nonnegligible contribution in the off-shell Higgs region. The Feynman diagram of the process ggZZ2e2μ is a box diagram induced by fermion loops (see Fig. 2). The helicity amplitude AggZZ2e2μbox has been calculated analytically and coded in the MCFM8.0 package. Another similar calculation using a different method can be found in gg2VV code [61].

      Figure 2.  Feynman diagram of the box process ggZZ2e2μ.

    • 2.4.   Helicity amplitude of the process ggHZZ4

    • The process ggHZZ4 with identical 4e or 4μ final states can also be used to probe the anomalous HZZ couplings. In the SM, the differential cross sections of the 4 (including both 4e and 4μ) and 2e2μ processes are nearly the same in both the on-shell and off-shell Higgs regions [53], which indicates that adding the 4e/4μ process could almost double experimental statistics. This situation is probably similar for the anomalous Higgs-mediated processes. The 4e/4μ Feynman diagrams consist of two different topology structures as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3(b) is different from Fig. 3(a) just as a result of swapping the positive charged leptons (46). The helicity amplitude of each diagram is similar to the former 2e2μ cases but needs to be multiplied by a symmetry factor 1/2. While calculating the total cross section, the interference term between Fig. 3(a) and (b) needs an extra factor of -1 compared to the self-conjugated terms because it connects all of the decayed leptons in one fermion loop, while each self-conjugated term has two fermion loops. After considering these details, the summed cross section of the 4e and 4μ processes is comparable to the 2e2μ process. More details are shown in the following numerical results.

      Figure 3.  Feynman diagrams of the process ggHZZ4, where 4=4e or 4μ. Note that diagram (b) is obtained by swapping the two positive charged leptons (46) in diagram (a).

    3.   Numerical results
    • In this section we present the integrated cross sections and differential distributions in both the on-shell and off-shell Higgs regions, especially the interference between anomalous Higgs-mediated processes and SM processes.

    • 3.1.   Cross sections

    • To compare theoretical calculation with experimental observation at the LHC, we need to further calculate the cross sections at hadron level. From helicity amplitude to the cross section, two more steps are required. Firstly, we should sum and square the amplitudes to get the differential cross section at parton level, then integrate phase space and the parton distribution function (PDF) to get the cross section at hadron level. We show these two steps conceptually as follows.

      The squared amplitude in the differential cross section at parton level dˆσ(s12) is

      |AggZZ4box+AggHZZ4|2

      (23)

      =|AggZZ4box+AHSM+a1AHSM+a2AHCPeven+a3AHCPodd|2.

      (24)

      After expanding it, there remain self-conjugated terms and interference terms that have different amplitude sources. As in the next step the integral of phase space and the PDF are the same for each term, we note the integrated cross sections separately by the amplitude sources, which are

      σk,l{|Ak|2,k=l;2Re(AkAl),kl,

      (25)

      where k,l = {box, SM, CP-even, CP-odd}. The superscripts of A are omitted for brevity.

    • 3.2.   Numerical results for gg2e2μ process

    • We form the integral of phase space and the PDF in the MCFM 8.0 package [62,63]. The simulation is performed for the proton–proton collision at the center-of-mass energy s=13 TeV. The Higgs mass is set to be MH=125GeV. The renormalization μr and factorization scale μf are set as the dynamic scale m4/2. For the PDF we choose the leading-order MSTW 2008 PDFs MSTW08LO [64]. Some basic phase space cuts are exerted as follows, which are similar to the event selection cuts used in the CMS experiment [65].

      PT,μ>5GeV, |ημ|<2.4,PT,e>7GeV, |ηe|<2.5, m>4GeV, m4>100GeV.

      (26)

      Besides, for the 2e2μ channel, the hardest (second-hardest) lepton should satisfy PT>20(10)GeV; one pair of leptons with the same flavour and opposite charge is required to have 40GeV<m+<120GeV and the other pair needs to fulfill 12GeV<m+<120GeV. For the 4e or 4μ channel, four oppositely charged lepton pairs exist as Z boson candidates. The selection strategy is to first choose one pair nearest to the Z boson mass as one Z boson, then consider the left two leptons as the other Z boson. The other requirements are similar to those of the 2e2μ channel.

      Table 1 shows the cross sections σk,l with k,l = {box, SM, CP-even, CP-odd}, while a1,a2,a3 are all set to 1 for convenience. The cross-section values can be converted easily by multiplying a scale factor for small ais. In the left and right panels, the integral regions of m4 are set as m4<130GeV and m4>220GeV, which correspond to the on-shell and off-shell Higgs regions, respectively. Next, we focus on two kinds of interference effects: the interference between each Higgs-mediated process and the box continuum background, denoted as σbox,l (or σl,box) with lbox; and the interference between different Higgs-mediated processes, denoted as σk,l with k,lbox.

      13 TeV, m2e2μ<130GeV, on-shell 13 TeV, m2e2μ>220GeV, off-shell
      σk,l/fb box Higgs-med. σk,l/fb box Higgs-med.
      SM CP-even CP-odd SM CP-even CP-odd
      box 0.024 0 0 0 box 1.283 −0.174 −0.571 0
      Higgs-med. SM 0 0.503 0.558 0 Higgs-med. SM −0.174 0.100 0.137 0
      CP-even 0 0.558 0.202 0 CP-even −0.571 0.137 0.720 0
      CP-odd 0 0 0 0.075 CP-odd 0 0 0 0.716

      Table 1.  Cross sections of gg2e2μ processes in proton–proton collisions at center-of-mass energy s=13 TeV with a1=0,a2=a3=1 in Eq. (6).

      The interference terms between Higgs-mediated processes and the continuum background σbox,l are all zero in the on-shell Higgs region, but relatively sizeable in the off-shell regions except for the cases with the CP-odd Higgs-mediated process, as shown in Table 1. There is an interesting reason for this. From Eqs. (9), (10), and (25),

      σbox,l2Re(AboxAl),2Re(AboxAggHPH(s12)Ai),2(s12M2H)Re(AboxAggHAi)+MHΓHIm(AboxAggHAi)(s12M2H)2+M2HΓ2H,

      (27)

      which means the integrand of σbox,l consists of two parts: one is antisymmetric around M2H, and the other is proportional to MHΓHIm(AboxAggHAi). The first part can be largely suppressed almost to zero in the integral with a symmetric integral region around MH. The second part is also suppressed not only by the small factor of ΓH/MH but also by a small value of Im(AboxAggHAi) in the on-shell Higgs region. By contrast, in the off-shell Higgs region the integral regions are not symmetric around MH but larger on one side than MH, which means the first term has a nonzero contribution. Both the first and second terms can also be enhanced when s12 is a little larger than twice the top quark mass. This is because the ggH process is induced mainly by the top quark loop; both the real part and the imaginary part of the amplitude (ReAggH and ImAggH) can be enhanced when s12 is just larger than the 2Mt threshold (see Eq. (13)). Thus, Im(AboxAggHAi) can have a larger value, even though the relative contribution from the second term can be still suppressed by the smallness of the factor ΓH/MH. In conclusion, mainly due to the nonsymmetric integral region and some enhancement of AggH, the interference contribution in the off-shell Higgs region becomes comparable with the self-conjugated contributions.

      It is also worthwhile to point out that there is no cross-section contribution from the interference between the CP-odd Higgs-mediated process and other three processes, which include the continuum background process, SM Higgs-mediated process and anomalous CP-even Higgs-mediated process. This is because there is an antisymmetric tensor ϵμνρσ in the CP-odd HZZ interaction vertex (see last term in Eq. (6)), while in the other three processes, the two indices are symmetrically paired and so the contrast of the indices makes the interference term zero. Nevertheless, these CP-odd interference term can show angular distributions, including the polar angle distribution of in the Z boson rest frame and the azimuthal angular distribution between two z decay planes [33,36], even though its contribution to the total cross section is still zero.

      The interference between the CP-even Higgs-mediated process and SM Higgs-mediated process is nonnegligible both in the on-shell and off-shell Higgs regions. In the on-shell Higgs region, the contribution from the interference terms is larger than that from the self-conjugated terms. Furthermore, for the a1=0,a2=1 choice (as in [10]), the interference terms have a minus sign, compared to the relative values in Table 1, which makes the total contribution of the CP-even Higgs-mediated process beyond the SM a destructive effect. In the off-shell region, the CPs-even Higgs-mediated process has two interference terms, between both the SM Higgs-mediated process and the box process. These two interference terms have opposite signs, which means they partly cancel each other out. However, the summed interference effect is still comparable to the self-conjugated contribution.

      Figure 4 shows the differential cross sections. The black histogram is from its main background process qˉq2e2μ, which is a high background but still controllable. The red dashed histogram is from the SM gg2e2μ processes including contributions from both the box and SM Higgs-mediated amplitudes. The blue dotted histogram adds contribution from the CP-even Higgs mediated amplitude to the SM signal and background amplitudes. Therefore, three kinds of interference terms are included. For comparison, we also show the green dashed-dotted histogram without interference terms from the CP-even Higgs amplitudes with others, so the interference contribution can be calculated by the difference between the blue and green histograms. In the on-shell region we can see the CP-even Higgs-mediated process has a total positive contribution (blue histogram) compared to the SM process (red histogram), while the green histogram shows the main positive contribution is from the interference term. In the off-shell region, the interference contribution is obvious in the 200GeV<m4<600GeV region. There is a bump in the blue and green histograms when m4350 GeV, which is caused by the total cross section of the CP-even Higgs-mediated process increasing suddenly beyond the 2Mt (twice the top quark mass) threshold. The differential cross section for the CP-odd Higgs-mediated process is similar to the green histogram in the off-shell region as it has no interference contribution after the angular distributions are integrated.

      Figure 4.  (color online) Differential cross sections of the gg2e2μ processes and qˉq2e2μ process in proton–proton collision at s=13 TeV with a2=1,a1=a3=0 in Eq. (6).

      The numerical results at center-of-mass energy s=8 TeV are shown in Table B1 in Appendix B. By comparing them to the results at s=13 TeV in Table 1, we find that each cross section is decreased by about one or two times and their relative ratios have some minor changes. This could be caused by both PDF functions and kinematic distributions.

      8 TeV, m2e2μ<130GeV, on-shell 8 TeV, m2e2μ>220GeV, off-shell
      σk,l/fb box Higgs-med. σk,l/fb box Higgs-med.
      SM CP-even CP-odd SM CP-even CP-odd
      box 0.011 0 0 0 box 0.479 −0.056 −0.198 0
      Higgs-med. SM 0 0.232 0.257 0 Higgs-med. SM −0.056 0.031 0.047 0
      CP-even 0 0.257 0.093 0 CP-even −0.198 0.047 0.228 0
      CP-odd 0 0 0 0.035 CP-odd 0 0 0 0.219

      Table B1.  Cross sections of gg2e2μ processes in proton–proton collisions at s=8 TeV with a1=0,a2=a3=1 in Eq. (6).

    • 3.3.   Numerical results for gg4e/4μ processes

    • The cross sections of the gg4e/4μ processes are listed in Table 2 (Table B2 in Appendix B) for comparison and future use. Here, gg4e/4μ represents the sum of gg4e and gg4μ. Comparing Table 2 with Table 1, the numbers in the right panels are similar, while the numbers in the left panels have relatively large differences. This is mainly because of the different selection cuts [53]. If we apply the 4e/4μ selection cuts to the gg2e2μ process, σbox,box in the left panels become similar.

      13 TeV, m4e/4μ<130GeV, on-shell 13 TeV, m4e/4μ>220GeV, off-shell
      σk,l/fb box Higgs-med. σk,l/fb box Higgs-med.
      SM CP-even CP-odd SM CP-even CP-odd
      box 0.045 0 0 0 box 1.303 −0.176 −0.575 0
      Higgs-med. SM 0 0.540 0.568 0 Higgs-med. SM −0.176 0.101 0.137 0
      CP-even 0 0.568 0.186 0 CP-even −0.575 0.137 0.740 0
      CP-odd 0 0 0 0.060 CP-odd 0 0 0 0.708

      Table 2.  Cross sections of gg4e/4μ processes in proton–proton collisions at center-of-mass energy s=13 TeV with a1=0,a2=a3=1 in Eq. (6).

      8 TeV, m4e/4μ<130GeV, on-shell 8 TeV, m4e/4μ>220GeV, off-shell
      σk,l/fb box Higgs-med. σk,l/fb box Higgs-med.
      SM CP-even CP-odd SM CP-even CP-odd
      box 0.021 0 0 0 box 0.485 −0.056 −0.199 0
      Higgs-med. SM 0 0.248 0.261 0 Higgs-med. SM −0.056 0.031 0.047 0
      CP-even 0 0.261 0.086 0 CP-even −0.199 0.047 0.229 0
      CP-odd 0 0 0 0.028 CP-odd 0 0 0 0.215

      Table B2.  Cross sections of gg4e/4μ processes in proton–proton collisions at center-of-mass energy s=8 TeV with a1=0,a2=a3=1 in Eq. (6).

    4.   Constraints: a naive estimation
    • In this section we show a naive estimation to constrain a1, a2 and a3 by using the data in both the on-shell and off-shell Higgs regions.

      First, we estimate the expected number of events Nexp(a1,a2,a3) in the off-shell Higgs region, which is defined as the contribution from the processes with anomalous couplings after excluding the pure SM contributions.

      A theoretical observed total number of events should be

      Ntheo(a1,a2,a3)=σtot×L×k×ϵ,

      (28)

      where σtot is the total cross section, L is the integrated luminosity, k represents the k-factor and ϵ is the total efficiency.

      The simulation in the CMS experiment [47] with an integrated luminosity of L80 fb1 at s=13 TeV shows that for the gg4 process, the expected numbers of events in the off-shell Higgs region (m4>220GeV) can be divided into two categories: Nggsignal=20.3 and Ngginterference=34.4, where the subscript "gg signal" represents the SM Higgs-mediated signal term, and "gg interference" represents the interference term between the SM Higgs-mediated process and the box process. For high-order corrections that may change the k-factor, some existing studies [66-69] show that the loop corrections on the box diagram (Fig. 2) and the Higgs-mediated diagram are different. Therefore, we also group the expected event numbers contributed from the anomalous couplings into two categories.

      Nexp(a1,a2,a3)=NggsignalσHSM×[(a1+1)2σHSMσHSM+a22σHCPeven+a23σHCPodd+(a1+1)a2σintCPeven,SM]+NgginterferenceσintSM×[a1σintSM,box+a2σintCPeven,box],

      (29)

      where Nexp(a1,a2,a3) represents the expected number of events from anomalous CP-even and CP-odd processes, σHk is the self-conjugated Higgs-mediated cross section, and σintk,l is the interference cross section with k,l = {box, SM, CP-even, CP-odd}. The first term on the right-hand side of the equation is the contribution from the s-channel processes, and the second part is the contribution from the interference between the s-channel processes and the box diagram. For each category with the same topological Feynman diagrams, it is assumed to have the same k-factor and total efficiency ϵ, which are equal to the corresponding values for the SM process. These coefficients are extracted from experimental measurements, which are similar to the treatment in the experiments [47,53].

      The cross section of the 4 final states is the sum of the cross sections of the 2e2μ, 4e and 4μ final states. Nexp(a1,a2,a3) can be obtained by combining the corresponding cross sections from both Table 1 and Table 2.

      The experimental observed number Nobs(a1,a2,a3) that corresponds to Nexp(a1,a2,a3) is defined as Nobs(a1,a2,a3)=NtotalobservedNSMtotalexpected=38.7 in the CMS experiment [47]. Its fluctuation is estimated as the δoffshell=Ntotalobserved=1325 (including both signal and background).

      Second, the observed signal strength of the ggH4l process measured by CMS [70] is μobsggH=0.97+0.090.09(stat.)+0.090.07(syst.). Its fluctuation is δonshell=0.127 after a combination of both statistical and systematic errors. Theoretically, the signal strength with anomalous couplings can be estimated as

      μexpggH(a1,a2,a3)=1σHSM[(a1+1)2σHSM+a22σHCPeven+a23σHCPodd+(a1+1)a2σintCPeven,SM],

      (30)

      where σHk and σintk,l are same as in Eq. (29) except in the on-shell region. Equation (30) is shorter than Eq. (29) because in the on-shell Higgs region the interference term with box diagram σSM,box and σCPeven,box are zero.

      The survival parameter regions of a1,a2 and a3 can be obtained by a global χ2 fit, which can be constructed as

      χ2=(NexpNobsδoffshell)2+(μexpggHμobsggHδonshell)2.

      (31)

      The adoption of the χ2 fit here can be controversial, as we only have two input data points (on-shell and off-shell) and have to find parameter regions for three variables (a1,a2, and a3). We claim that the result here is just for a complete analysis including both theoretical calculation and experimental constraints, and it is very preliminary. The situation can be improved if experimental collaborations can collect sufficient statistics in the future. Nevertheless, the χ2 fit can also provide some interesting results.

      Figure 5 shows the two-dimensional contour diagram of the anomalous couplings. There are three colored regions (green, blue, and red) in each small plot and the red areas are the final 1σ survival parameter regions from the global χ2 fit. In the actual two-dimensional fitting procedure, we take two anomalous couplings to be free and fix the third one to be zero. Three individual χ2 fits are operated: constraint only from the off-region (first part in Eq. (31)), constraint from the on-shell region (second part in Eq. (31)), and a combination of the two. The purpose is to show how the irregular overlapping red regions emerge. As discussed in the above sections, we have an equal number of experimental data points and free parameters here and the χ2 fit degenerates to an equation-solving problem. Survival parameter regions from either the on-shell or off-shell constraint come to be concentric circles and the global fitting results are almost the overlap region between them.

      Figure 5.  (color online) Two-dimensional constraints on the new physics coefficients a1,a2 and a3 from χ2 fits. To illustrate the constraints from different energy regions, three 1σ regions (green concentric circles, blue concentric circles, and red region) from three individual χ2 fits (on-shell, off-shell, and both, respectively) are drawn here. CMS 2σ constraints (95% confidence level) [47] are drawn as the lines (magenta for a2 when a1=a3=0 and grey for a3 when a1=a2=0) in the right zoomed-in plots.

      The recently updated CMS experiment [47] uses both on-shell and off-shell data, constructs kinematic discriminants, and gets the limit (at 95% confidence level) of the parameters a2[0.09,0.19], a3[0.21,0.18] (there is no corresponding constraint on a1). This experimental analysis is based on one free parameter-fitting schedule so we draw them as the line segments in the right plots of Fig. 5 (magenta for a2 and grey for a3). Our global fit results are roughly consistent with those of the CMS, although at first glance the two appear to have some conflict (note that we draw a 1σ contour, whereas the CMS results are the limit at 95% confidence level, which corresponds to 2σ intervals in the hypothesis of Gaussian distribution). The CMS results seem to be more stringent than ours. This may be caused by their use of more detailed kinematic information in their analysis. Besides, we have some parameter regions with a12 or a2 approaching 1. These regions show the correlation of each pair of parameters. There is cancellation on the cross sections when the parameters coexist. In principle, the anomalous couplings should be much smaller than 1 to validate the operator expansion. Therefore, these parameter regions should be ruled out. Nonetheless, our global fit provides a complementary perspective of how the final anomalous coupling parameters contour regions are obtained from the individual on-shell/off-shell energy region constraints. These preliminary fitting results can be optimized in the case of more statistics in the future.

    5.   Conclusion and discussion
    • When considering the anomalous HZZ couplings, we calculate the cross sections induced by these new couplings, and special attention is focused on the interference effects. In principle, there are three kinds of interference: 1. the interference between the anomalous CP-even Higgs-mediated process and the continuum background box process σCPeven,box; 2. the interference between the anomalous CP-even Higgs-mediated process and the SM Higgs-mediated process σCPeven,SM; and 3. the interference between the anomalous CP-odd Higgs-mediated process and all other processes σCPodd,k with k=box,SM,CPeven. The numerical results of the integrated cross sections show that the first kind of interference can be neglected in the on-shell Higgs region but is nonnegligible in the off-shell Higgs region, the second kind of interference is important in both the on-shell and off-shell Higgs regions, and the third kind of interference has zero contribution for the total cross section in both regions.

      By using the theoretical calculation together with both on-shell and off-shell Higgs experimental data, we estimate the constraints on the anomalous HZZ couplings. The correlations of the different kinds of anomalous couplings are shown in contour plots, which illustrate how the anomalous contributions cancel each other out and the extra parameter regions survive when they coexist.

      In this research we only use the numerical results of integrated cross sections, whereas in fact more information could be fetched from the differential cross sections (kinematic distributions). Furthermore, the k-factors and total efficiencies should also be estimated separately according to different sources. We leave them for our future work.

      We thank John M. Campbell for his helpful explanation of the code in the MCFM package.

    Appendix A: Helicity amplitudes for the process HZZee+μμ+
    • The helicity amplitudes A1, A2, and A3 are shown separately. The common factor f is defined as

      f=2ie31MWsinθWPZ(s34)s34PZ(s56)s56.

      AHZZ2e2μ1(3e,4+e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×l2eM2Wcos2θW35[46],AHZZ2e2μ1(3e,4+e+,5+μ,6μ+)=f×lereM2Wcos2θW36[45],AHZZ2e2μ1(3+e,4e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×lereM2Wcos2θW45[36],AHZZ2e2μ1(3+e,4e+,5+μ,6μ+)=f×r2eM2Wcos2θW46[35].

      AHZZ2e2μ2(3e,4+e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×l2e×[2kk35[46]+(35[45]+36[46])(35[36]+45[46])],AHZZ2e2μ2(3e,4+e+,5+μ,6μ+)=f×lere×[2kk36[45]+(35[45]+36[46])(36[35]+46[45])],AHZZ2e2μ2(3+e,4e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×rele×[2kk45[36]+(45[35]+46[36])(35[36]+45[46])],AHZZ2e2μ2(3+e,4e+,5+μ,6μ+)=f×r2e×[2kk46[35]+(45[35]+46[36])(36[35]+46[45])].

      (A2)

      AHZZ2e2μ3(3e,4+e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×l2e×(i)×[2(kk+46[46])35[46]+35[45](35[36]+45[46])+36[46](35[36]45[46])],AHZZ2e2μ3(3e,4+e+,5+μ,6μ+)=f×lere×(i)×[2(kk+45[45])36[45]+36[46](36[35]+46[45])+35[45](36[35]46[45])],AHZZ2e2μ3(3+e,4e+,5μ,6+μ+)=f×rele×(i)×[2(kk+36[36])45[36]+45[35](45[46]+35[36])+46[36](45[46]35[36])],AHZZ2e2μ3(3+e,4e+,5+μ,6μ+)=f×r2e×(i)×[2(kk+35[35])46[35]+46[36](46[45]+36[35])+45[35](46[45]36[35])].

      (34)
    Appendix B: Cross sections at s=8 TeV
    Reference (70)

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