2012 Vol. 36, No. 6
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2012, 36(6): 479-484 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/001
Abstract:
The effect of the three-site interaction (α) on the critical behaviors of the XY spin chain is studied in terms of the Loschmidt echo (LE). The critical lines can be shifted by α, and the anisotropy parameter of the XY chain has no effect on the critical lines. The scaling behaviors of the LE reveal that the dynamical behaviors of the LE are reliable for characterizing quantum phase transition (QPT).
The effect of the three-site interaction (α) on the critical behaviors of the XY spin chain is studied in terms of the Loschmidt echo (LE). The critical lines can be shifted by α, and the anisotropy parameter of the XY chain has no effect on the critical lines. The scaling behaviors of the LE reveal that the dynamical behaviors of the LE are reliable for characterizing quantum phase transition (QPT).
2012, 36(6): 485-488 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/002
Abstract:
In the context of the topcolor-assisted technicolor (TC2) model, we consider the production of the neutral scalar S(πt0 or ht0) associated with a photon at the LHC and compare our results with those given by the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM). We find that its production cross section is larger or smaller than that of the scalar particle predicted by the MSSM model, depending on the values of the relevant free parameters.
In the context of the topcolor-assisted technicolor (TC2) model, we consider the production of the neutral scalar S(πt0 or ht0) associated with a photon at the LHC and compare our results with those given by the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM). We find that its production cross section is larger or smaller than that of the scalar particle predicted by the MSSM model, depending on the values of the relevant free parameters.
2012, 36(6): 489-497 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/003
Abstract:
We study the κ meson in 2+1 flavor QCD with sufficiently light u/d quarks. Using numerical simulations, we measure the point-to-point κ correlators in the "Asqtad" improved staggered fermion formulation. We then analyze these correlators using rooted staggered chiral perturbation theory (rSχPT), with particular attention paid to bubble contribution. After chiral extrapolation, we obtain the physical κ mass with 828±97 MeV, which is within the recent experimental value of 800-900 MeV. These numerical simulations are carried out with MILC 2+1 flavor gauge configurations at a lattice spacing of a ≈ 0.12 fm.
We study the κ meson in 2+1 flavor QCD with sufficiently light u/d quarks. Using numerical simulations, we measure the point-to-point κ correlators in the "Asqtad" improved staggered fermion formulation. We then analyze these correlators using rooted staggered chiral perturbation theory (rSχPT), with particular attention paid to bubble contribution. After chiral extrapolation, we obtain the physical κ mass with 828±97 MeV, which is within the recent experimental value of 800-900 MeV. These numerical simulations are carried out with MILC 2+1 flavor gauge configurations at a lattice spacing of a ≈ 0.12 fm.
2012, 36(6): 498-504 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/004
Abstract:
When the fourth generation of quarks have sufficiently small mixing with ordinary standard-model quarks, the hadrons made up from these quarks can be long-lived enough. We analyze the (1/2)+ baryon states containing fourth-generation quarks and standard-model quarks, i.e. the charm or bottom quarks, in the QCD sum rules approach. Considering the perturbative and two gluon condensate contributions in the calculation, we give the numerical results of the masses and pole residues.
When the fourth generation of quarks have sufficiently small mixing with ordinary standard-model quarks, the hadrons made up from these quarks can be long-lived enough. We analyze the (1/2)+ baryon states containing fourth-generation quarks and standard-model quarks, i.e. the charm or bottom quarks, in the QCD sum rules approach. Considering the perturbative and two gluon condensate contributions in the calculation, we give the numerical results of the masses and pole residues.
2012, 36(6): 505-512 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/005
Abstract:
For the detection of direct dark matter, in order to extract useful information about the fundamental interactions from the data, it is crucial to properly determine the nuclear form factor. The form factor for the spin-independent cross section of collisions between dark matter particles and the nucleus has been thoroughly studied by many authors. When the analysis was carried out, the nuclei were always supposed to be spherically symmetric. In this work, we investigate the effects of the deformation of nuclei from a spherical shape to an elliptical one on the form factor. Our results indicate that as long as the ellipticity is not too large, such deformation will not cause any substantial effects. In particular, when the nuclei are randomly orientated in room-temperature circumstances, one can completely neglect them.
For the detection of direct dark matter, in order to extract useful information about the fundamental interactions from the data, it is crucial to properly determine the nuclear form factor. The form factor for the spin-independent cross section of collisions between dark matter particles and the nucleus has been thoroughly studied by many authors. When the analysis was carried out, the nuclei were always supposed to be spherically symmetric. In this work, we investigate the effects of the deformation of nuclei from a spherical shape to an elliptical one on the form factor. Our results indicate that as long as the ellipticity is not too large, such deformation will not cause any substantial effects. In particular, when the nuclei are randomly orientated in room-temperature circumstances, one can completely neglect them.
2012, 36(6): 513-518 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/006
Abstract:
We have calculated the nucleon effective mass in symmetric nuclear matter within the framework of the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone (BBG) theory, which has been extended to include both the contributions from the ground-state correlation effect and the three-body force (TBF) rearrangement effect. The effective mass is predicted by including the ground-state correlation effect and the TBF rearrangement effect, and we discuss the momentum dependence and the density dependence of the effective mass. It is shown that the effect of ground state correlations plays an important role at low densities, while the TBF-induced rearrangement effect becomes predominant at high densities.
We have calculated the nucleon effective mass in symmetric nuclear matter within the framework of the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone (BBG) theory, which has been extended to include both the contributions from the ground-state correlation effect and the three-body force (TBF) rearrangement effect. The effective mass is predicted by including the ground-state correlation effect and the TBF rearrangement effect, and we discuss the momentum dependence and the density dependence of the effective mass. It is shown that the effect of ground state correlations plays an important role at low densities, while the TBF-induced rearrangement effect becomes predominant at high densities.
2012, 36(6): 519-524 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/007
Abstract:
A two dimensional multi-wire proportional chamber with delay line readout was developed, which has a large sensitive area of 30 cm× 30 cm. Two cathode planes using printed circuit boards are orthogonally placed to give two coordinates of the impact point of the particle. Signals collected from the cathode strips are amplified and discriminated from two ends of the delay line at each cathode board. By recording the time difference between the two discrimination pulses and the common gate pulse from anode wires, a coordinate position was reconstructed, and a position resolution of better than 1 mm could be obtained in the whole sensitive area along the anode wires.
A two dimensional multi-wire proportional chamber with delay line readout was developed, which has a large sensitive area of 30 cm× 30 cm. Two cathode planes using printed circuit boards are orthogonally placed to give two coordinates of the impact point of the particle. Signals collected from the cathode strips are amplified and discriminated from two ends of the delay line at each cathode board. By recording the time difference between the two discrimination pulses and the common gate pulse from anode wires, a coordinate position was reconstructed, and a position resolution of better than 1 mm could be obtained in the whole sensitive area along the anode wires.
2012, 36(6): 525-530 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/008
Abstract:
China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), one project of the 12th Five-Year-Plan scheme of China, is under construction in Guangdong province. Three neutron spectrometers will be installed during the first phase of the project, and two-dimensional position sensitive thermal neutron detectors are required. Before the construction of the neutron detectors, a prototype of a two-dimensional 200 mm×200 mm Multi-wire Proportional Chamber (MWPC) with Ar/CO2 (90/10) flowing gas has been constructed. In 2009, the prototype was tested with the 55Fe X-ray using part of the electronics, and performed well.
Following the test in 2009, the neutron detector was constructed with the complete electronics and filled with the 6 atm. 3He+2.5 atm. C3H8 gas mixture in 2010. The neutron detector has been primarily tested with an Am-Be source. In this paper, new developments of the neutron detector including the design of the high pressure chamber, the optimization of the gas purifying system and the gas filling process will be reported. The results and discussion are also presented in this paper.
China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), one project of the 12th Five-Year-Plan scheme of China, is under construction in Guangdong province. Three neutron spectrometers will be installed during the first phase of the project, and two-dimensional position sensitive thermal neutron detectors are required. Before the construction of the neutron detectors, a prototype of a two-dimensional 200 mm×200 mm Multi-wire Proportional Chamber (MWPC) with Ar/CO2 (90/10) flowing gas has been constructed. In 2009, the prototype was tested with the 55Fe X-ray using part of the electronics, and performed well.
Following the test in 2009, the neutron detector was constructed with the complete electronics and filled with the 6 atm. 3He+2.5 atm. C3H8 gas mixture in 2010. The neutron detector has been primarily tested with an Am-Be source. In this paper, new developments of the neutron detector including the design of the high pressure chamber, the optimization of the gas purifying system and the gas filling process will be reported. The results and discussion are also presented in this paper.
2012, 36(6): 531-537 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/009
Abstract:
Several kinds of models have already been proposed to explain the photoemission process. The exact photoemission theory of the semiconductor photocathode was not well established after decades of research. In this paper an integral equation of quantum efficiency (QE) is constructed to describe the photoemission of positive electron affinity (PEA) of the semiconductor photocathode based on the three-step photoemission model. Various factors (e.g., forbidden band gap, electron affinity, photon energy, incident angle, degree of polarization, refractive index, extinction coefficient, initial and final electron energy, relaxation time, external electric field and so on) have an impact on the QE of the PEA semiconductor photocathode, which are entirely expressed in the QE equation. In addition, a simulation code is also programmed to calculate the QE of the K2CsSb photocathode theoretically at 532 nm wavelength. By and large, the result is in line with the expected experimental value. The reasons leading to the distinction between the experimental and theoretical QE are discussed.
Several kinds of models have already been proposed to explain the photoemission process. The exact photoemission theory of the semiconductor photocathode was not well established after decades of research. In this paper an integral equation of quantum efficiency (QE) is constructed to describe the photoemission of positive electron affinity (PEA) of the semiconductor photocathode based on the three-step photoemission model. Various factors (e.g., forbidden band gap, electron affinity, photon energy, incident angle, degree of polarization, refractive index, extinction coefficient, initial and final electron energy, relaxation time, external electric field and so on) have an impact on the QE of the PEA semiconductor photocathode, which are entirely expressed in the QE equation. In addition, a simulation code is also programmed to calculate the QE of the K2CsSb photocathode theoretically at 532 nm wavelength. By and large, the result is in line with the expected experimental value. The reasons leading to the distinction between the experimental and theoretical QE are discussed.
2012, 36(6): 538-543 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/010
Abstract:
Knowledge of νe-Fe/Pb differential cross sections for νe energy below several tens of MeV scale is believed to be crucial in understanding supernova physics. In a segmented detector at a spallation neutron source, νe energy reconstructed from the electron range measurement is strongly affected because both multiple scattering and electromagnetic showers occur along the electron passage in target materials. In order to estimate these effects, a simulation study has been performed with a cube block model assuming perfect tracking precision. The energy spectrum distortion is observed to be proportional to the atomic number of the target material. Feasibility of unfolding the distorted νe energy spectrum is studied for both Fe and Pb. An evaluation of the statistical accuracy attainable is therefore provided for a segmented detector.
Knowledge of νe-Fe/Pb differential cross sections for νe energy below several tens of MeV scale is believed to be crucial in understanding supernova physics. In a segmented detector at a spallation neutron source, νe energy reconstructed from the electron range measurement is strongly affected because both multiple scattering and electromagnetic showers occur along the electron passage in target materials. In order to estimate these effects, a simulation study has been performed with a cube block model assuming perfect tracking precision. The energy spectrum distortion is observed to be proportional to the atomic number of the target material. Feasibility of unfolding the distorted νe energy spectrum is studied for both Fe and Pb. An evaluation of the statistical accuracy attainable is therefore provided for a segmented detector.
2012, 36(6): 544-551 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/011
Abstract:
The feasibility of using frequency gradient analysis (FGA), a digital method based on Fourier transform, to discriminate neutrons and γ rays in the environment of an 8-bit sampling system has been investigated. The performances of most pulse shape discrimination methods in a scintillation detection system using the time-domain features of the photomultiplier tube anode signal will be lower or non-effective in this low resolution sampling system. However, the FGA method using the frequency-domain features of the anode signal exhibits a strong insensitivity to noise and can be used to discriminate neutrons and γ rays in the above sampling system. A detailed study of the quality of the FGA method in BC501A liquid scintillators is presented using a 5 G samples/s 8-bit oscilloscope and a 14.1 MeV neutron generator. A comparison of the discrimination results of the time-of-flight and conventional charge comparison (CC) methods proves the applicability of this technique. Moreover, FGA has the potential to be implemented in current embedded electronics systems to provide real-time discrimination in standalone instruments.
The feasibility of using frequency gradient analysis (FGA), a digital method based on Fourier transform, to discriminate neutrons and γ rays in the environment of an 8-bit sampling system has been investigated. The performances of most pulse shape discrimination methods in a scintillation detection system using the time-domain features of the photomultiplier tube anode signal will be lower or non-effective in this low resolution sampling system. However, the FGA method using the frequency-domain features of the anode signal exhibits a strong insensitivity to noise and can be used to discriminate neutrons and γ rays in the above sampling system. A detailed study of the quality of the FGA method in BC501A liquid scintillators is presented using a 5 G samples/s 8-bit oscilloscope and a 14.1 MeV neutron generator. A comparison of the discrimination results of the time-of-flight and conventional charge comparison (CC) methods proves the applicability of this technique. Moreover, FGA has the potential to be implemented in current embedded electronics systems to provide real-time discrimination in standalone instruments.
2012, 36(6): 552-554 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/012
Abstract:
The feasibility of attaining a short-pulse-duration heavy ion beam with a nanosecond pulse length is studied in the main ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). Such a heavy ion beam can be produced by non-adiabatic compression, and it is implemented by fast rotation in the longitudinal phase space. In this paper, the possible beam parameters during longitudinal bunch compression are studied by using the envelope model. The result shows that a shortest heavy ion bunch 238U28+ of 29 ns with energy of 200 MeV/u can be obtained, which can satisfy high energy density physics research.
The feasibility of attaining a short-pulse-duration heavy ion beam with a nanosecond pulse length is studied in the main ring of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). Such a heavy ion beam can be produced by non-adiabatic compression, and it is implemented by fast rotation in the longitudinal phase space. In this paper, the possible beam parameters during longitudinal bunch compression are studied by using the envelope model. The result shows that a shortest heavy ion bunch 238U28+ of 29 ns with energy of 200 MeV/u can be obtained, which can satisfy high energy density physics research.
2012, 36(6): 555-560 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/013
Abstract:
The travelling wave (TW) disk-loaded accelerating structure is one of the key components in normal conducting (NC) linear accelerators, and has been studied for many years. In the design process, usually after the dimensions of each cell and the two couplers are finalized, the structure is fabricated and tuned, and then the whole structure RF characteristics are measured by using a vector network analyzer. Before fabrication, the whole structure characteristics (including RF, thermal and structural ones) are less simulated due to the limited capability of currently available computers. In this paper, we described a method for performing RF-thermal-structural-RF coupled analysis on a TW disk-loaded structure using only one PC. In order to validate our method, we first analyzed and compared our RF simulation results on the 3 m long BEPCⅡ structure with the corresponding experimental results, which shows very good consistency. Finally, the RF-thermal-structure-RF coupled analysis results on the 1.35 m long NSC KIPT linac accelerating structure are presented.
The travelling wave (TW) disk-loaded accelerating structure is one of the key components in normal conducting (NC) linear accelerators, and has been studied for many years. In the design process, usually after the dimensions of each cell and the two couplers are finalized, the structure is fabricated and tuned, and then the whole structure RF characteristics are measured by using a vector network analyzer. Before fabrication, the whole structure characteristics (including RF, thermal and structural ones) are less simulated due to the limited capability of currently available computers. In this paper, we described a method for performing RF-thermal-structural-RF coupled analysis on a TW disk-loaded structure using only one PC. In order to validate our method, we first analyzed and compared our RF simulation results on the 3 m long BEPCⅡ structure with the corresponding experimental results, which shows very good consistency. Finally, the RF-thermal-structure-RF coupled analysis results on the 1.35 m long NSC KIPT linac accelerating structure are presented.
2012, 36(6): 561-565 . doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/014
Abstract:
To increase the quantum efficiency (QE) of a copper photocathode and reduce the thermal emittance of an electron beam, a drive laser with oblique incidence was adopted in a BNL type photocathode rf gun. The disadvantageous effects on the beam quality caused by oblique incidence were analyzed qualitatively. A simple way to solve the problems through wavefront shaping was introduced and the beam quality was improved.
To increase the quantum efficiency (QE) of a copper photocathode and reduce the thermal emittance of an electron beam, a drive laser with oblique incidence was adopted in a BNL type photocathode rf gun. The disadvantageous effects on the beam quality caused by oblique incidence were analyzed qualitatively. A simple way to solve the problems through wavefront shaping was introduced and the beam quality was improved.
2012, 36(6): 566-572. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/36/6/015
Abstract:
The authors propose a combined scatter reduction and correction method to improve image quality in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The scatter kernel superposition (SKS) method has been used occasionally in previous studies. However, this method differs in that a scatter detecting blocker (SDB) was used between the X-ray source and the tested object to model the self-adaptive scatter kernel. This study first evaluates the scatter kernel parameters using the SDB, and then isolates the scatter distribution based on the SKS. The quality of image can be improved by removing the scatter distribution. The results show that the method can effectively reduce the scatter artifacts, and increase the image quality. Our approach increases the image contrast and reduces the magnitude of cupping. The accuracy of the SKS technique can be significantly improved in our method by using a self-adaptive scatter kernel. This method is computationally efficient, easy to implement, and provides scatter correction using a single scan acquisition.
The authors propose a combined scatter reduction and correction method to improve image quality in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The scatter kernel superposition (SKS) method has been used occasionally in previous studies. However, this method differs in that a scatter detecting blocker (SDB) was used between the X-ray source and the tested object to model the self-adaptive scatter kernel. This study first evaluates the scatter kernel parameters using the SDB, and then isolates the scatter distribution based on the SKS. The quality of image can be improved by removing the scatter distribution. The results show that the method can effectively reduce the scatter artifacts, and increase the image quality. Our approach increases the image contrast and reduces the magnitude of cupping. The accuracy of the SKS technique can be significantly improved in our method by using a self-adaptive scatter kernel. This method is computationally efficient, easy to implement, and provides scatter correction using a single scan acquisition.
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