2013 Vol. 37, No. 8
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2013, 37(8): 083101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/083101
Abstract:
In the QCD-inspired potential model where the quark-antiquark interaction consists of the usual one-gluon-exchange and the mixture of long-range scalar and vector linear confining potentials with the lowest order relativistic correction, we investigate the mass spectra and electromagnetic processes of a bottomonium system by using the Gaussian expansion method. It reveals that the vector component of the mixing confinement is anticonfining and takes around 18.51% of the confining potential. Combining the new experimental data released by Belle, BaBar and LHC, we systematically discuss the energy levels of the bottomonium states and make the predictions of the electromagnetic decays for further experiments.
In the QCD-inspired potential model where the quark-antiquark interaction consists of the usual one-gluon-exchange and the mixture of long-range scalar and vector linear confining potentials with the lowest order relativistic correction, we investigate the mass spectra and electromagnetic processes of a bottomonium system by using the Gaussian expansion method. It reveals that the vector component of the mixing confinement is anticonfining and takes around 18.51% of the confining potential. Combining the new experimental data released by Belle, BaBar and LHC, we systematically discuss the energy levels of the bottomonium states and make the predictions of the electromagnetic decays for further experiments.
2013, 37(8): 083102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/083102
Abstract:
The two-body Spinless Salpeter equation for the Woods-Saxon potential is solved by using the supersymmetry quantum mechanics (SUSYQM). In our calculations, we have applied an approximation to the centrifugal barrier. Energy eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions are computed for various values of quantum numbers n, l.
The two-body Spinless Salpeter equation for the Woods-Saxon potential is solved by using the supersymmetry quantum mechanics (SUSYQM). In our calculations, we have applied an approximation to the centrifugal barrier. Energy eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions are computed for various values of quantum numbers n, l.
2013, 37(8): 084001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/084001
Abstract:
This work is concerned with the analyses of the shower and gray particle production in 4.5 A GeV/c 24Mg collision with emulsion nuclei. The highest particle production occurs in the region of the low impact parameters. While the multiplicity of the shower particles emitted in the forward direction depends on the projectile mass number and energy, the multiplicity of the backward ones shows a limiting behaviour. The source of the emission of the forward shower particles is completely different from that of the backward ones. The target fragments are produced in a thermalized system of emission.
This work is concerned with the analyses of the shower and gray particle production in 4.5 A GeV/c 24Mg collision with emulsion nuclei. The highest particle production occurs in the region of the low impact parameters. While the multiplicity of the shower particles emitted in the forward direction depends on the projectile mass number and energy, the multiplicity of the backward ones shows a limiting behaviour. The source of the emission of the forward shower particles is completely different from that of the backward ones. The target fragments are produced in a thermalized system of emission.
2013, 37(8): 084002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/084002
Abstract:
Based on a formula used to calculate the activation cross-section sum of two reactions producing a sort of nuclide with a target including two isotopes, the related problems in some references have been analyzed and discussed. It is pointed out that the calculation methods of the cross-section sum of two reactions producing the same radioactive nuclide for two isotopes in some references are improper and usually it is impossible to obtain the correct cross-section sum of two reactions producing the same radioactive nuclide for two isotopes in the case of using natural samples. At the same time, the related concepts are clarified and the correct processing method and representation are given. The comparison with the experimental results show that the theoretical analysis results are right.
Based on a formula used to calculate the activation cross-section sum of two reactions producing a sort of nuclide with a target including two isotopes, the related problems in some references have been analyzed and discussed. It is pointed out that the calculation methods of the cross-section sum of two reactions producing the same radioactive nuclide for two isotopes in some references are improper and usually it is impossible to obtain the correct cross-section sum of two reactions producing the same radioactive nuclide for two isotopes in the case of using natural samples. At the same time, the related concepts are clarified and the correct processing method and representation are given. The comparison with the experimental results show that the theoretical analysis results are right.
2013, 37(8): 084101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/084101
Abstract:
In the framework of the Color Glass Condensate, the pseudo-rapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp and pA collisions at the LHC are studied with the UGD function from the GBW model. With a χ2 analysis of the CMS data in pp collisions at √s=0.9, 2.36, 7 TeV, the normalization factor is obtained and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Then, considering the influence of nucleon hard partons transverse distribution on the number of participants in pA collisions by using a Glauber Monte Carlo method, we also give the predictive results for the multiplicity distributions in pPb collisions at √s=4.4 TeV.
In the framework of the Color Glass Condensate, the pseudo-rapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp and pA collisions at the LHC are studied with the UGD function from the GBW model. With a χ2 analysis of the CMS data in pp collisions at √s=0.9, 2.36, 7 TeV, the normalization factor is obtained and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Then, considering the influence of nucleon hard partons transverse distribution on the number of participants in pA collisions by using a Glauber Monte Carlo method, we also give the predictive results for the multiplicity distributions in pPb collisions at √s=4.4 TeV.
2013, 37(8): 084102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/084102
Abstract:
Hadron production in lepton-nucleus deep inelastic scattering is studied in a quark energy loss model. The leading-order computations for hadron multiplicity ratios are presented and compared with the selected HERMES pions production data with the quark hadronization occurring outside the nucleus by means of the hadron formation time. It is found that the obtained energy loss per unit length is 0.440 ± 0.013 GeV/fm for an outgoing quark by the global fit. It is confirmed that the atomic mass number dependence of hadron attenuation is theoretically and experimentally in good agreement with the A2/3 power law for quark hadronization occurring outside the nucleus.
Hadron production in lepton-nucleus deep inelastic scattering is studied in a quark energy loss model. The leading-order computations for hadron multiplicity ratios are presented and compared with the selected HERMES pions production data with the quark hadronization occurring outside the nucleus by means of the hadron formation time. It is found that the obtained energy loss per unit length is 0.440 ± 0.013 GeV/fm for an outgoing quark by the global fit. It is confirmed that the atomic mass number dependence of hadron attenuation is theoretically and experimentally in good agreement with the A2/3 power law for quark hadronization occurring outside the nucleus.
2013, 37(8): 085101. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/085101
Abstract:
Based on the theory of relativity in superstrong magnetic fields (SMFs), we have carried out an estimation on electron capture (EC) rates of nuclides 52,53,54,55,56Fe in the SMFs in magnetars. The rates of change of electronic fraction (RCEF) in the EC process are also discussed. The results show that the EC rates increase greatly and even exceeds by 4 orders of magnitude (e.g. 54Fe, 55Fe and 56Fe) in SMF. On the contrary, the RCEF decreases largely and even exceeds by 5 orders of magnitude in the SMF.
Based on the theory of relativity in superstrong magnetic fields (SMFs), we have carried out an estimation on electron capture (EC) rates of nuclides 52,53,54,55,56Fe in the SMFs in magnetars. The rates of change of electronic fraction (RCEF) in the EC process are also discussed. The results show that the EC rates increase greatly and even exceeds by 4 orders of magnitude (e.g. 54Fe, 55Fe and 56Fe) in SMF. On the contrary, the RCEF decreases largely and even exceeds by 5 orders of magnitude in the SMF.
2013, 37(8): 085102. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/085102
Abstract:
The effect of magnetic field decay on the chemical heating and thermal evolution of neutron stars is discussed in this paper. Our main goal is to study how the chemical heating mechanism and thermal evolution are changed by the field decay and how the magnetic field decay is modified by the thermal evolution. We compare stars cooling with chemical heating with one without chemical heating and find that the decay of the magnetic field is delayed significantly by the chemical heating. We find that the effect of chemical heating has been suppressed through the decaying magnetic field by the spin-down of the stars at a later stage. Compared with typical chemical heating, we find the decay of the magnetic field can even cause the surface temperature to turn down at an older age. When we discuss the cooling of neutron stars, we should consider the coupling effect of the magnetic field and the rotational evolution of neutron stars on the heating mechanisms.
The effect of magnetic field decay on the chemical heating and thermal evolution of neutron stars is discussed in this paper. Our main goal is to study how the chemical heating mechanism and thermal evolution are changed by the field decay and how the magnetic field decay is modified by the thermal evolution. We compare stars cooling with chemical heating with one without chemical heating and find that the decay of the magnetic field is delayed significantly by the chemical heating. We find that the effect of chemical heating has been suppressed through the decaying magnetic field by the spin-down of the stars at a later stage. Compared with typical chemical heating, we find the decay of the magnetic field can even cause the surface temperature to turn down at an older age. When we discuss the cooling of neutron stars, we should consider the coupling effect of the magnetic field and the rotational evolution of neutron stars on the heating mechanisms.
2013, 37(8): 086001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/086001
Abstract:
The China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL) is the deepest underground laboratory running in the world at present. In such a deep underground laboratory, the cosmic ray flux is a very important and necessary parameter for rare-event experiments. A plastic scintillator telescope system has been set up to measure the cosmic ray flux. The performance of the telescope system has been studied using the cosmic rays on the ground laboratory near the CJPL. Based on the underground experimental data taken from November 2010 to December 2011 in the CJPL, which has an effective live time of 171 days, the cosmic ray muon flux in the CJPL is measured to be (2.0±0.4)×10-10/(cm2·s). The ultra-low cosmic ray background guarantees an ideal environment for dark matter experiments at the CJPL.
The China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL) is the deepest underground laboratory running in the world at present. In such a deep underground laboratory, the cosmic ray flux is a very important and necessary parameter for rare-event experiments. A plastic scintillator telescope system has been set up to measure the cosmic ray flux. The performance of the telescope system has been studied using the cosmic rays on the ground laboratory near the CJPL. Based on the underground experimental data taken from November 2010 to December 2011 in the CJPL, which has an effective live time of 171 days, the cosmic ray muon flux in the CJPL is measured to be (2.0±0.4)×10-10/(cm2·s). The ultra-low cosmic ray background guarantees an ideal environment for dark matter experiments at the CJPL.
2013, 37(8): 086201. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/086201
Abstract:
Long-range alpha detectors (LRADs) are attracting much attention in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities because of some problems in obtaining source positions on an interior surface during pipe decommissioning. By utilizing the characteristic that LRAD detects alphas by collecting air-driving ions, this article applies a method to localize the radioactive source by ions' fluid property. By obtaining the ion travel time and the airspeed distribution in the pipe, the source position can be determined. Thus this method overcomes the ion's lack of periodic characteristics. Experimental results indicate that this method can approximately localize the source inside the pipe. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Long-range alpha detectors (LRADs) are attracting much attention in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities because of some problems in obtaining source positions on an interior surface during pipe decommissioning. By utilizing the characteristic that LRAD detects alphas by collecting air-driving ions, this article applies a method to localize the radioactive source by ions' fluid property. By obtaining the ion travel time and the airspeed distribution in the pipe, the source position can be determined. Thus this method overcomes the ion's lack of periodic characteristics. Experimental results indicate that this method can approximately localize the source inside the pipe. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
2013, 37(8): 087001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/087001
Abstract:
Generally, the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) needs specially designed high current superconducting RF cavities. In this paper, the threshold current of beam breakup for compact ERL facilities with 9-cell Tesla type cavities are investigated. The results show that it is feasible to adopt the 9-cell Tesla cavity for compact ERL test facilities with just a few cavities and beam current around 10 mA.
Generally, the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) needs specially designed high current superconducting RF cavities. In this paper, the threshold current of beam breakup for compact ERL facilities with 9-cell Tesla type cavities are investigated. The results show that it is feasible to adopt the 9-cell Tesla cavity for compact ERL test facilities with just a few cavities and beam current around 10 mA.
2013, 37(8): 087002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/087002
Abstract:
The quadrupole magnet of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Rapid-cycling Synchrotron (RCS) is operated at a 25 Hz sinusoidal alternating current which causes severe vibration. The vibration will influence the long-term safety and reliable operation of the quadrupole magnet. By taking the quadrupole magnet and girder as specific model system, a method for analyzing and studying the dynamic characteristic of the system is put forward by combining theoretical calculation with experimental testing. The theoretical modal analysis results coincide with the experimental testing results. It shows that the dynamic characteristic parameters of the structure can be obtained by modal analysis which will provide a theoretical basis for the further study and the magnet girder optimal design of CSNS/RCS.
The quadrupole magnet of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Rapid-cycling Synchrotron (RCS) is operated at a 25 Hz sinusoidal alternating current which causes severe vibration. The vibration will influence the long-term safety and reliable operation of the quadrupole magnet. By taking the quadrupole magnet and girder as specific model system, a method for analyzing and studying the dynamic characteristic of the system is put forward by combining theoretical calculation with experimental testing. The theoretical modal analysis results coincide with the experimental testing results. It shows that the dynamic characteristic parameters of the structure can be obtained by modal analysis which will provide a theoretical basis for the further study and the magnet girder optimal design of CSNS/RCS.
2013, 37(8): 087003. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/087003
Abstract:
The tuning system plays a very important role when a superconducting cavity is in operation. It cooperates with other control loops to adjust the cavity frequency with high precision, reduce the reflection power, guarantee the stability of beam, and ensure the safety of the superconducting cavity. This paper focuses mainly on the tuning system working principle, the working state and problems that Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPCⅡ) has encountered during operation.
The tuning system plays a very important role when a superconducting cavity is in operation. It cooperates with other control loops to adjust the cavity frequency with high precision, reduce the reflection power, guarantee the stability of beam, and ensure the safety of the superconducting cavity. This paper focuses mainly on the tuning system working principle, the working state and problems that Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPCⅡ) has encountered during operation.
2013, 37(8): 087004. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/087004
Abstract:
This paper describes a low level radio frequency control system that was developed by the Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, and will be used in Injector Ⅱ of the China-ADS project. The LLRF control system consists of an RF modulated front end, fast analog-to-digital converter (ADC) modules, and a digital signal processing board based on a field programmable gate array. The system has been tested on a room temperature cavity with 12-hr, and the results illustrate that the stability of amplitude and phase achieved ± 0.32% and ± 0.35 degrees, respectively.
This paper describes a low level radio frequency control system that was developed by the Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, and will be used in Injector Ⅱ of the China-ADS project. The LLRF control system consists of an RF modulated front end, fast analog-to-digital converter (ADC) modules, and a digital signal processing board based on a field programmable gate array. The system has been tested on a room temperature cavity with 12-hr, and the results illustrate that the stability of amplitude and phase achieved ± 0.32% and ± 0.35 degrees, respectively.
2013, 37(8): 087005. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/087005
Abstract:
The utility of a passive fourth-harmonic cavity plays a key role in suppressing longitudinal beam instabilities in the electron storage ring and lengthens the bunch by a factor of 2.6 for the phase Ⅱ project of the Hefei Light Source (HLS Ⅱ). Meanwhile, instabilities driven by higher-order modes (HOM) may limit the performance of the higher-harmonic cavity. In this paper, the parasitic coupled-bunch instability, which is driven by narrow band parasitic modes, and the microwave instability, which is driven by broadband HOM, are both modeled analytically. The analytic modeling results are in good agreement with those of our previous simulation study and indicate that the passive fourth-harmonic cavity suppresses parasitic coupled-bunch instabilities and microwave instability. The modeling suggests that a fourth-harmonic cavity may be successfully used at the HLS Ⅱ.
The utility of a passive fourth-harmonic cavity plays a key role in suppressing longitudinal beam instabilities in the electron storage ring and lengthens the bunch by a factor of 2.6 for the phase Ⅱ project of the Hefei Light Source (HLS Ⅱ). Meanwhile, instabilities driven by higher-order modes (HOM) may limit the performance of the higher-harmonic cavity. In this paper, the parasitic coupled-bunch instability, which is driven by narrow band parasitic modes, and the microwave instability, which is driven by broadband HOM, are both modeled analytically. The analytic modeling results are in good agreement with those of our previous simulation study and indicate that the passive fourth-harmonic cavity suppresses parasitic coupled-bunch instabilities and microwave instability. The modeling suggests that a fourth-harmonic cavity may be successfully used at the HLS Ⅱ.
2013, 37(8): 088001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/088001
Abstract:
The structural transition of BaF2 nanocrystals is studied by in situ high pressure synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction measurements up to about 21.2 GPa at ambient temperature. Two phase transformations were observed at 5.8 and 14.4 GPa, and the two high pressure phases are identified as orthorhombic (Pnma) phase and hexagonal (P63/mmc) phase by Rietveld refinement. Upon decompression, the α-PbCl2-type metastable phase is retained when the pressure is released. Two phase transformations of the BaF2 nanocrystals are higher than that in bulk BaF2. It is proposed that the size effects are found to influence the BaF2 nanocrystals high-pressure behaviors and the surface energy plays a significant role in the structural stability.
The structural transition of BaF2 nanocrystals is studied by in situ high pressure synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction measurements up to about 21.2 GPa at ambient temperature. Two phase transformations were observed at 5.8 and 14.4 GPa, and the two high pressure phases are identified as orthorhombic (Pnma) phase and hexagonal (P63/mmc) phase by Rietveld refinement. Upon decompression, the α-PbCl2-type metastable phase is retained when the pressure is released. Two phase transformations of the BaF2 nanocrystals are higher than that in bulk BaF2. It is proposed that the size effects are found to influence the BaF2 nanocrystals high-pressure behaviors and the surface energy plays a significant role in the structural stability.
2013, 37(8): 088002. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/088002
Abstract:
High pressure pyrolysis of melamine has been attracting great interest recently, due to it being considered as a suitable precursor to realize the g-C3N4 and even superhard C3N4. In this work, we studied the detailed pyrolysis behavior of melamine at 22 GPa. Melamine was stable at 800 ℃, and decomposed to diamond in the form of powder at 1500-2000 ℃ under this pressure condition. At 2000 ℃, the pure cubic diamond powders with 0.1-0.5 μm grain size were obtained. The diamond particles exhibited euhedral forms and dispersed to each other, we proposed that these novel features were caused by the presence of liquid N2 and NH3 during diamond formation. The high pressure pyrolysis of melamine may provide a new means of producing micrometer-sized diamond powders.
High pressure pyrolysis of melamine has been attracting great interest recently, due to it being considered as a suitable precursor to realize the g-C3N4 and even superhard C3N4. In this work, we studied the detailed pyrolysis behavior of melamine at 22 GPa. Melamine was stable at 800 ℃, and decomposed to diamond in the form of powder at 1500-2000 ℃ under this pressure condition. At 2000 ℃, the pure cubic diamond powders with 0.1-0.5 μm grain size were obtained. The diamond particles exhibited euhedral forms and dispersed to each other, we proposed that these novel features were caused by the presence of liquid N2 and NH3 during diamond formation. The high pressure pyrolysis of melamine may provide a new means of producing micrometer-sized diamond powders.
2013, 37(8): 088003. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/088003
Abstract:
The high-pressure structures of an underdoped cuprate superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ have been studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction at pressures up to 36.5 GPa. We find that this superconductor retains its orthogonal structure with the space group Amaa in the pressure range studied. Upon compression, both the a and b axes first shrink monotonically up to 17.4 GPa from their ambient pressure values and keep these behaviors with positive compressibilities up to 36.5 GPa after experiencing expansion with negative compressibilities in the pressure regime between 17.4 and 23.7 GPa. However, the c axis decreases continuously with increasing pressure with a slow change at about 23.7 GPa. The results indicate an isostructural phase transition starting at 17.4 GPa and a structural collapse at around 23.7 GPa.
The high-pressure structures of an underdoped cuprate superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ have been studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction at pressures up to 36.5 GPa. We find that this superconductor retains its orthogonal structure with the space group Amaa in the pressure range studied. Upon compression, both the a and b axes first shrink monotonically up to 17.4 GPa from their ambient pressure values and keep these behaviors with positive compressibilities up to 36.5 GPa after experiencing expansion with negative compressibilities in the pressure regime between 17.4 and 23.7 GPa. However, the c axis decreases continuously with increasing pressure with a slow change at about 23.7 GPa. The results indicate an isostructural phase transition starting at 17.4 GPa and a structural collapse at around 23.7 GPa.
2013, 37(8): 088201. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/088201
Abstract:
China reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel is irradiated at 773 K with 792 MeV Ar-ions to fluences of 2.3×1020 and 4.6× 1020 ions/m2, respectively. The variation of the microstructures of the Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel samples with the Ar-ion penetration depth is investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). From analyses of the microstructure changes along with the Ar-ions penetrating depth, it is found that high-density cavities form in the peak damage region. The average size and the number density of the cavities depend strongly on the damage level and Ar-atom concentration. Swelling due to the formation of cavities increases significantly with an increased damage level, and the existence of deposited Ar-atoms also enhances the growth of the average size of the cavities. The effect of atom displacements and Ar-atoms on the swelling of the RAFM steel under high energy Ar-ion irradiation is discussed briefly.
China reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel is irradiated at 773 K with 792 MeV Ar-ions to fluences of 2.3×1020 and 4.6× 1020 ions/m2, respectively. The variation of the microstructures of the Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel samples with the Ar-ion penetration depth is investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). From analyses of the microstructure changes along with the Ar-ions penetrating depth, it is found that high-density cavities form in the peak damage region. The average size and the number density of the cavities depend strongly on the damage level and Ar-atom concentration. Swelling due to the formation of cavities increases significantly with an increased damage level, and the existence of deposited Ar-atoms also enhances the growth of the average size of the cavities. The effect of atom displacements and Ar-atoms on the swelling of the RAFM steel under high energy Ar-ion irradiation is discussed briefly.
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